Growth and Development

Growth:

Growth is the quantitative progress made in an individual, group sector, society or country. Only quantity is seen in growth, not quality. Growth can be both positive or negative.

Economic Growth: Quantitative economic growth is called economic growth.  That is, the increase in the production of any item this year compared to last year is called economic growth.  Like- the increase in the income of any country, the length of roads, the production of industries etc. compared to the previous year.

If there is increase in National Income of a country, PCI, GDP.  and GNP, but there is no improvement in the standard of living of the people, it is called economic growth.

Development:

Development is called quantitative progress and qualitative progress.  That is, in development, quantity is also considered along with quantity.  Whoever the country’s security system, education, health etc. are symbols of development.

Economic Development: If there is increase in GDP, GNP, PCI National Income along with the improvement in the standard of living of people, it is called economic development.

Mobile Development: An economy in which NI and PCI continue to grow.

Immobile Development: An economy in which NI and PCI are often stable.

Measurement of Development: To measure development, some major indexes are prepared, based on which the development of any country is measured such as – Human Development Index (HDI), Global Hunger Index (GHI), Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and Social Progress Index (SPI).

1. Human Development Index (HDI) -Human Development Index:

The development of citizens of any country is measured on the basis of HDI.

HDI is prepared on the basis of 3 things –

• Health
• Education
• Per Capita Income.

HDI was started in 1990 and the credit for starting it goes to Mehboob-ul-Haq (Pakistan) and Amartya Sen (India).

The HDI is prepared by the UNDP (United Nations Development Program).

UNDP is the United Nations global development network

UNDP was founded in 1965 and is Headquartered in New York (USA).

The current chairman of the UNDP is Achim Steiner (German Brazil Citizen).

HDI has a maximum value of 1 and a minimum value of 0.

Economies of all countries are ranked based on the marks found on their index.  –

All the countries in this category are placed in three big groups

(a) Low Human Development Countries

(b) Medium Human Development Countries

(c) High Human Developing Countries

 

(a) Low Human Development Countries (LHDC): In this category, those countries are placed whose score lies between 0.000 to 0.499.

Most backward countries of the world fall in this category.  Most countries in the continent of Africa are placed in this category.  Such as – Congo, Burundi, Liberia, Zimbabwe, Niger etc.

1. b) Moderate Human Development Countries (MHDC): In this category, those countries are placed whose score lies between 0.500 to 0.799. Countries like India, China, Brazil, South Africa etc. are placed in this category.
2. c) High Human Development Countries (HHDC): In this category those countries are placed whose score lies between 0.800 to 1.000. USA and European countries are placed in this category.

The UNDP’s report for the year 2019 released a Human Development Index of 189 countries.

India has 129 places in it.

1st Rank- Norway

 

2. Life Expectancy Index:

Start = 1990

The life expectancy index is prepared by the UNDR.

The life expectancy of the world is 78.8 years.

India’s life expectancy is 62 years.

 

Names of countries with the highest life expectancy

1. Japan (88.6 years)
2. Swiss (82.6 years)
3. Australia (82.5 years)
4. France (81.8 years)
5. Norway and Canada (81.5 years)

Names of countries with minimum life expectancy:

1. Congo (48 years)
2. Nigeria (52.5 years)
3. Burundi (54.1 years)
4. Niger (58.4 years)

 

3. Education Development Index:

Start = 1990

The Education Development Index is prepared by the UNDP.

It is prepared on the basis of 2 figures.

1.MYS – Mean Years of Schooling

2. EYS- Expected Years of Schooling

The Education Development Index was launched in India in 2005-06.

It is prepared by HRDM & NUEPA.

HRDM- Human Resources Development Ministry

NUEPA – National University of Education Planning and Administration

The most educated state in India is Kerala and the least educated state is Bihar.

The first fully literate state of India is Kerala.

 

4.GHI – Human Poverty Index:

Inception= 1997

Prepares = UNDP

Since 1997, it was offered alongside HDI.

From 2010, HPI was introduced separately from HDI and was replaced by MPI (Multidimensional Poverty Index).

 

5. Multidimensional Poverty Index:

This index shows the status of poverty in any country.

The MPI was launched in 2010.

The MPI is issued by the UNDP.

MPI is prepared on the basis of three things

• Health
• Education
• Standard of living

According to the MPI report, the world’s poorest country is Congo (continent of Africa) and the world’s richest country Qatar (continent of Asia).

The continent of Africa has the highest percentage of poor in the world, while India has the largest number of poor.

The continent of Africa is also called the dark continent or black continent because it is an economically backward continent.

Out of 54 countries in the continent of Africa, 26 countries are poor.  A total of 70.2 million people in the world are poor, of which 29.5 percent are poor in India.

The number of poor in India is around 20.7 crore.  Chhattisgarh has the highest percentage of poor in India (39.93 percent) and the lowest percentage is in Goa (5.09 percent).

The states of India which have the highest percentage of poverty.

1. Chhattisgarh -39.93 percent
2. Jharkhand -36.96 percent
3. Manipur -36.89 percent
4. Arunachal Pradesh -34.67 percent
5. Bihar -33.47 percent

 

States of India which have the lowest percentage of poverty. 

1. Goa -5.09 percent
2. Kerala -7.05 percent
3. HP -8.06 percent
4. Sikkim -8.19 percent
5. Punjab -8.26 percent

 

6. Global Hunger Index:

GHI indicates the state of hunger in any country.

GHI was launched in 2006 and is now released every year.

It has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 100.

0 = No Hunger (No Hunger)

100 = Maximum Hunger (Highest hunger)

GHI is prepared by IFPRI.

IFPRI – International Food Policy Research Institute

IFPRI was founded in 1975 and is Headquartered in Washington D.C.  (USA).

IFPRI’s present director is General Johan Jo Swinnen

Every year in GHI, special attention is given to one of the main issues that affects hunger.

India ranked 102 out of 117 countries in the Global Hunger Index in 2019

The hungriest in the world is in the Central African Republic.

 

7. SPI Social Progress Index:

This index shows the social progress in any country.  This index is issued by an entity called Social Progressive Imperative. It is an American institution.

The SPI focuses on issues that are not only necessary for the economy, but also improve the standard of living of people.

It started in 2013.

It is prepared on the basis of the following elements.

(a) Personal protection

(b) Health and hygiene

(c) equality

(d) Environmental awareness

In the year 2019 of SPI, 149 Countries have been included in the report.

It has Norway at the top and South Sudan at the bottom.  India has 102 places in this list.