Indian Constitution|50 Important Facts you should know

India Constitution was prepared on 26 Nov. 1949. The origin of Indian Constitution was in English language. By 50^th Constitution amendment in 1984 the Indian Constitution was translated into Hindi.

• The written or oral documents of any country are known as the constitution. The constitution is the largest law in any country.

• The constitution can be written or oral. The Constitution of only 4 countries is not written in the world: England, Ireland, New Zealand, and Israel.
• The first written constitution in the world (1789 AD) was created by the United States.
• India has the largest written constitution in the world.
• Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar is known as the father of the Indian Constitution.
• The Constitution of India was formed by the Constituent Assembly. The idea of ​​the Constituent Assembly for the creation of the Constitution was first introduced by the Swaraj Party in 1924. Head -CR Das and Secretary-Motilal Nehru.
• The Constituent Assembly was formed on the recommendation of the Cabinet Mission. The Cabinet Mission was a committee of the British Cabinet which consisted of a total of three members. The members of the Cabinet Mission were Panthic Lawrence (President), Stefford Cripps, AB Alexander.
• On 24 March 1946 the total number of members of the Constituent Assembly was fixed at 389, out of which 292 were representatives of British provinces, 4 were representatives of chief commissioner areas and 93 were representative of princely states. These 93 members was nominated.
• The names of the 4 Chief Commissionerate areas are as follows – Delhi, Ajmer, Merwara, Coorg and British Balochistan.
• Hyderabad was a princely state whose representatives did not attend the Constituent Assembly. The main election to the Constituent Assembly was held in July 1946.
• Out of a total of 389 members, elections were held for 296 members of the provinces, who were elected by the legislatures of different provinces.
• B.N. Rao was not a member of this constituent Assembly.
• In these, Congress was elected 208, Muslim League 73 seats and 15 other parties and independent candidates. 
• Provinces or native princely states were given representation in the Constituent Assembly in proportion to their population. Normally one place was allotted on a population of 10 lakhs.
• The representation of the provinces was mainly divided on the basis of the population of the three major communities. These communities were Muslim, Sikh and ordinary. In the Constituent Assembly, 296 representatives of British provinces were divided on communal basis of which 213 were general, 79 Muslims and 4 Sikh members.
• Scheduled Castes(SC) among the members of the Constituent Assembly had 26 members.
• The number of members of the Scheduled Tribes (ST) was 33 among the members of the Constituent Assembly.
• The number of women members in the Constituent Assembly was 15 –
• 1. Ammu Swaminathan 2. Anne Mascarin 3. Begum Ejaz Rasool 4. Dakshani     Velayavun 5. G. Durgabai Hansa Mehta 7. Kamla Chaudhary 8, Leela Re 9. Malati Chaudhary 10. Poornima Banerjee 11. Renuka Rai 12 Sarojini Naidu 13 Princess        Amritkaur 14. Sucheta Kripalani 15. Vijayalakshmi Pandit
• According to the plan of June 3, 1947, after the partition of the country, the total number of members of the Indian Constituent Assembly was fixed at 324, out of which 235 seats were for the provinces and 89 places for the native states.
• After the partition of the country, the Constituent Assembly was reorganized on 31 October 1947 and the number of members of the Constituent Assembly was 299 on 31 December 1947, with 229 provincial members and 70 members of the princely states. There were a total of 12 meetings of the Constituent Assembly.
• On December 9, 1946, the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held in the Library Building of the Council Chamber in New Delhi.
• The oldest member of the Constituent Assembly, Dr. Sachchidanand Sinha was elected the provisional Speaker of the Constituent Assembly.
• The first Deputy Speaker of the Constituent Assembly was H. C . Mukherjee .
• The Muslim League boycotted this meeting and started demanding a completely separate Constituent Assembly for Pakistan.
• On 11 December 1946, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected the permanent Speaker of the Constituent Assembly.
• On December 11, 1946 Constitutional Advisor to the Constituent Assembly  Was B.N.Rao.
• The proceedings of the Constituent Assembly commenced on 13 December 1946, with the objective motion tabled by Jawahar lal Nehru.
• On 22 January 1947, after the approval of the Objective Resolution, the Constituent Assembly appointed 22 committees for constitution resolution.

• 1.Steering Committee – Rajendra Prasad
• 2.Ad-hoc Committee on Nationhood – Dr. Rajendra Prasad
• 3.Committee on the rule of procedure-Rajendra Prasad
• 4.Finance and Staff Committee-Rajendra Prasad
• 5.Drafting Committee – Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar
• 6.Union Constitution Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru
• 7.Sangha Shakti Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru
• 8.Provinces Constitutional Committee – Sardar Vallabh bhai Patel
• 9.Consultative Committee on Fundamental Rights and Minorities – Sardar   Vallabh bhai Patel
• 10. Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights – J.B. kriplani.
• 11. Minority Related Consultation Subcommittee – H.C. Mukherjee
• 12.House committee – Pattabhi Sitaramayya
• 13.Order of Business Committee-Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
• 14.Commitee on the function of Constituent Assembly-Ganesh Vasudev  Mavalankar

The Constituent Assembly constituted the Drafting Committee on 29 August 1947, passing a resolution to discuss the draft of the constitution drafted by BN Rao.

• Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was elected as the Chairman of the Draft Committee.
• The drafting committee had 7 members, which is as follows.
• 1.Bhimrao Ambedkar (President)
• 2.N.Gopal Swami Iyengar
• 3.Alladi Rishya Swami Avyar
• 4. Kanhaiyalal Maniklal Munshi
• 5. Sayyid Mohammad Sadullah
• 6. N. Madhav Rao (In place of L. Mitra)
• 7.D.P Khetan .(Tt Krishnapachari was made a member after his death in 1948).
• In the Constituent Assembly, Bhimrao Ambedkar was elected from the Eastern region of Bengal. But after the partition of India and Pakistan, this region went to the part of East Pakistan. That is why, from the seat of Poona in Bombay province by-elections were held and Bhimrao Ambedkar rejoined the Constituent Assembly by winning the by-elections.
• MR. Jayankar resigned his poona seat.
• The draft constitution was debated for a total of 114 days.
• After discussion, presented its report to the Constituent Assembly on 21 February 1948.

Interim Cabinet formed on the proposal of the Cabinet Mission September 2, 1946

• Ministers and their departments
• Jawaharlal Nehru – Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council, Foreign Affairs and Commonwealth
• Vallabhbhai Patel – Home, Information and Broadcasting
• Baldev Singh – Defence
• John Methew – Industry and Supplies
• c. Rajagopalachari – Education
• C. H. Bhabha-work, mines and ports
• 7.Rajendra Prasad – Food and Agriculture
• Asaf Ali-Railway
• Jagjivan Ram – Labor

Members of the Muslim League included in the cabinet (October 26, 1946)

• 1.Liaquat Ali Khan – Finance
• 2.I. I Chundrigar – Commerce
• 3. Abdul Rab Nashtar – Communication
• 4.Jogendra Nath – Law
• 5.Gajantar Ali Khan – Health

First Cabinet of Independent India (15 August 1947)

• Jawaharlal Nehru – Prime Minister Commonwealth and Foreign Affairs, Scientific Research
• Sardar Patel – Home Information and Broadcast State Affairs
• Dr. Rajendra Prasad – Food and Agriculture
• 4.Abul Kalam Azad – Education
• Dr. John Mathew – Railways & Transport
• Dr. BR Ambedkar- Law
• Jagjivan Ram – Labor
• Sardar Baldev Singh – Defense
• Rajkumari Amrita kaur – Health
• 10.C.H. Bhabha-Commerce
• 11.Rafi Ahmed Kidwai – Communication
• 12 R. K. Shanmugam Shetty – Finance
• 13. Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee – Industry and Supply
• 14. V. N. Gadgil – Assembly of Mines and Energy
• First reading of the constitution was held from November 4 to November 9, 1948 .
• The second reading of the constitution in the Constituent Assembly began on 15 November 1948, which lasted until 17 October 1949.
• The third reading of the constitution started in the Constituent Assembly on 14 November 1949 which lasted till 26 November 1949 and the Constitution was passed by the Constituent Assembly. At this time 284 members of the Constituent Assembly were present.
• The last meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held on 24 January 1950.
• On 24 January 1950, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected the first President of India by the Constituent Assembly.
• The Constituent Assembly functioned as the Interim Parliament of India from January 26, 1950 until the creation of a new Parliament to be formed after the elections held in 1951 – 52.
• The process of constitution formation took a total of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days.
• A total expenditure of Rs 63, 96, 729 was incurred in the constitution work.
• When the Constitution was passed by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949, it had a total of 22 parts, 395 Articles and 8 Schedules. At present, the Constitution has 22 parts, 395 Articles and 12 Schedules.
• Of the total Articles of the Constitution, 15 i.e. 5,6,7, 8, 9, 60,324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391,392 and 393 were promulgated on 26 November 1949, while the remaining articles were implemented on 26 January 1950.
• The original constitution of India had 1, 17, 369 words whereas presently the Indian constitution has 1, 20, 000 words.
• The first constitution was signed by Rajendra Prasad.
• Last signed by Firoz Gandhi
• Some other works done by the Constituent Assembly:
• It verified India’s membership in the Commonwealth in May 1949.
• It adopted the national flag on 22 July 1947.
• It adopted the national anthem on January 24, 1950 and the national anthem on January 26, 1950.
• Supreme court- 28 January,1950
• Election Commission- 25 January,1950

                        Miscellaneos

• Father of Political Science – ARASTU/ARISTOTLE
• Total words in Constitution of India

                    When it is made-1,17,369

                      Nowadays –        1,20,000+

•  SPAS – Sukrat   Pluto   Arastu   Sikander
• Popular Days :-
• 5Oct. – World Teacher’s Day
• 5Sep. – National Teacher’s Day

              (B’day of Dr.Radha Krishnan Sarvap)

• 10Nov.- World Education Day
• 11Nov.- National Education Day

                               ( B’day of Abdul Kalam Azad)

                              (First Education minister of India)

• 14 Nov.- National Children’s Day

                  (B’day of Pt. Nehru)

• 24 Jan. – National day for girl child
• 11 Oct.- World girl child day.
• Distinction Of Britian :-

ENGLAND        GREAT BRITIAN         U.K.

  GREAT BRITIAN :- England+Scotland+Vales

    U.K.:- Great Britain+ North Ireland   

Parliament can modify Constitution.

• It is World’s biggest written Constitution.
• Due to Indian Constitution widenment it is called Lawyer’s Paradise.
• An Indian Constitution, our country is called India, that is Bharat.
• India’s Popular name:-
• Bharat – King Bhart  (Dushyant, Shakuntala)

(Suryavansh)(Father,    Mother)

• Aryavart- Aryans (Founder of Hindu religion)
• Hind/Hindustan- Medical period Muslim historian called it because number of Hindus in our country.)
• India By Greek -Athens ( Hind- Yunani)
• Indian Constitution is kept in Central Library of Parliament in Delhi.
• Indian Constitution considers Nathuram Godse word illegal/non-constitutional.
• 284 people signed on Indian Constitution on 26 Nov.,1949 as the representative of public.
• Rajendra Prasad was the first who signed the Indian Constitution.
• Indian Constitution two flag Committee:-
• 1^st  Flag Committee – Formed on 2 April 1931

                                   Total 7 members

  Head – Sardar Patel

                   Others– Abdul Kalam Azad, Jawaharlal                       Nehru, Sita Ramaiya, Tara Singh, D.B. Kalikar, Haridkar

• 2^nd Flag Committee- Formed on 23June1947

                                      Total 6 members

           Head – Rajendra Prasad

          Others – Abdul Kalam Azad,B.R.Ambedkar,Sarojini Naidu,Chakarvati,Raj,Gopalachari, Kahaniya Lal,ManikLal Munshi.

• Abdul Kalam Azad was the only person who was the member of both flag committee.
• J.B.Kriplani was not a member of any flag committee.
• Head of Fundamental Rights Committee.(Sardar Patel)
• Head of Fundamental Rights Subcommittee.(Jb Kriplani)
•  B.N. Rau – Full name Bengal Narsingh Rau

                    Birth -26 Jan.,1887

                    Death- 30 Nov. 1953

• On 11Dec.1946 he became the legal Constitution Advisor of India.
• During 1950-1952 he worked as a representative of India in security council of UNO.
• Siblings-
•  Bengal Rana Rau- RBI’S fourth governor

          1 July 1949-14 Jan 1957

1. Bengal Shiv Rau- Politician
2. B.N. Rau made the draft of the Indian Constitution. That had 13 schedules and 243 articles.
3. The Constituent Assembly appointed a drafting committee on 29^th Aug. 1947 to think over B.N.Rau’s draft.
4. After argument of 114days the draft was passed on 21 Feb.1948.
5.  Draft Committee contains 7members.                    

Trick to learn members of drafting committee

Bheem,Gopal,Krishan,Kanihya,Madhav Ko Mohammad ke khet me mile.

• Bheem- B.R.Ambedkar (Head)
• Gopal- N.Gopal Swami Ayyangar
• Krishan – Krishan Swami Ayyar
• Kanihya- K.M. Munshi (Congress)
• Madhav-Madhav Rau
• Mohammad- Mohammad Saad-ul-lah
• Khet -D.P.Khetain ( Died in 1948)

After his death,T Krishna Machri was appointed.

• In drafting committee Madhav Rau was appointed on place of B.L.Mittar.
• After partition of India -Pakistan this place goes into Eastern-Pakistan.
• Eastern-Pakistan was later known as Bangladesh.
• Gandhi was not a member of Constituent Assembly.
• B.R.Ambedkar :-
• Born -14 april 1891 in MP
•  Death-6 Dec.1956

• Gandhi said that after freedom Congress should be banned as political party.
• The Indian Constitution book is written by Grenville Austin.(Belonged to USA) Born -1927 Death- 2014

• In 2011 he was awarded by Padam Shree Award by Indian Govt.
• In his book,he said that Constituent Assembly is Congress and Congress is Bharat.
• Indian Constitution is started by Preamble
• Preamble is written on first page of book.,We have taken this from USA.
• Language of Preamble is taken from Australia

Preamble of the Constitution

   Introduction/Preface/Essence of Constitution

NA Palkhivala called Preamble as the identity card of the constitution.

• Sovereign -If any country is totally independent in taking its internal & external decisions.
• Republic – It is that administration arrangements in which chief of the constitution is not elected o the basis of blood.
• Democracy- To the people for the people by the people.
• People’s rule is called demokratia.
• 16^th President Abraham Lincoln defined the Democracy.
• Father of Democracy- Jin Jacks Russo  (France thinker)
• Social Contract book is written by J.J.Russo.
• He wrote that :- Man has become independent t first,bit is tied in chains and there is a right in the rules.
• Salvation is in following normal will power.(J.J.Russo)
• J.J.Russo used to support will power.It was believed that governance should be done according to the wishes of the people.
• In political Science call the country state.
• State word first used by Makiavallie(Italy Philosopher)
• Republic book – Pluto
• A good citizen makes a good state and bad citizen makes a bad state.
• Politics book – Arstu/Whistle
• Man is social animal- Arstu
• A person who is not in any state is either a saint or an animal.(Arstu)
• The Price book – Makiavallie
• Towards Demo craft – Carpenter (Book)
• ‘Oh! Disrespectful Democracy ! I love you’- Carpenter.
• Four State of Democracy-

1. Legislative 2.Executive 3.Judiciary 4. Media

   RTI is treated as fifth state.

12Oct. 2005 (started)

First enacted by Sweden

Four commission’s ride of Constituent Assembly

Delhi

Ajmer(Mewat)

Kurg (Karnataka)

British(Baluchistan)

Some other committee:-

Rules Committee- Committee on rules of procedure (Rajendra Prasad)

Finance &Staff Committee Jawaharlal Committee dealing with star affairs.

House Committee:- P.Sita Ramaiya

Order of business Committee (K.M. Munshi)

Committee on function of Constitution

  Assembly- Ganesh Vasudev Mavelenkar

            I speaker of Lok Sabha

• No politics is devoid of religion.
• British quit India.
• The soul of India resides in the village.
• RamRajya can be established only through the village state.
• Any State or Country is known for the rights it retains.
• Autocracy- Govt. by one person. Pp
• Democracy- Two Types
• Direct – Public directly take part in administration work.(Election of LS,LA etc.)
• Indirect – Representative of public takes part in administration work.( Election of RS,LC etc.)
• Head of Interim Cabinet ,- Lord Mount Banten
• 6 Mironties communities of India at present –

   Muslim

   Sikh

   Christian

   Parsi

   Bodh

  Jain – In 2014 it was declared minority community.

• Kashmir signed Being a part of India contract on 26 Oct.1947.
• The actual place of taste is not tongue but the mind.
• Truth is ultimate element and truth is God.

      26 Nov.2015 – Constitution Day

      26 Nov.1949- National Law Day

  National Milk Day (Founder of Amul Dairy)

          29 May -World Milk Day.

• Liyakat Ali Khan-
• First PM of Pakistan
• He was assassinated at Company Bagh (Rawalpindi)
• He was very close to Mr. Ali Jinnah.
• In 2007 first woman PM of Pakistan Banjir Bhutto was assassinated at the same place.
• Socialist – (Socialism) When the benefits of production equally benefit to all members of the society,it is called socialism.
• Secular- Secular means to give equal respect to all religions,which means that the country does not have any religion and equally protect all religions.In India religion is a personal subject .Any people can adopt /own any religion but can’tchange caste.
• Social Justice – It means gaining equal nights to all the citizens of the country means that there will no discrimination on the basis of religion /caste/status etc.
• Economic Justice – Rich will be treated equally to poor.
• Political Justice – This means that no person will be prevented from participating in the political process on the basis of religion/caste/low-caste religion.
• Liberty of Thoughts & Expression- Accordingly the citizen of India has been given the freedom to keep his views in front of anyone &he can use the expression to explain his thoughts.
• Liberty of Faith -This means that all the citizens of India will believe in the supremacy of the Constitution.
• Religion & Worship Liberty – Any person of India can adopt a religion and accordingly he can read a prayer.
• Status equality- In the constitution of India we can adopt any status as per our wishes but do not adopt such status that someone gets hurt.
• Equality of Opportunity- According to this ,everyone should get equal chance in job/subject.
• We the people of India- The basic source of the constitution is the people of India.
• The constitution of the constitution lies in the public.
• Constitution is the result of the will of the public.
•   India’s Semi federal Govt.

                  Governance System

• Unitary /Single
• Federative (Canada)
• Presidential (USA)
• Parliament(England)
•  Unitary Governance System – In this system all power is given to centre govt. No power is given to state govt.
• Federative Governance System- In this system the power is given to state and centre govt. Separately.
• CGL 2016
• India’s governance system is a semi-federal system because in the state of emergency all the power is taken by centre govt. No power is given to state govt.
• During emergency,the govt. of India becomes unitary with the federalist.
• Presidential Federative governance system:- In this system nominal,executive and the actual executive are govt.(President)
• In this President is elected by public.
• In this the president remains for a fixed term.eg.-The term of president of USA is 4years.
• Parliamentary Federative Governance System:- India has taken this system from England.
• Nominal executive- President
• Actual executive- Prime Minister

Example – England,India

• In England there are Maharaja & Maharani in place of president.
• In England Nominal executive- Maharani In this executive is responsible to legislative.

• England is democratic country but not republic.
• India is democratic republic country.

   Constitutional Amendments

• Bill        
• Act
• In India constitution till now 126 amendments bill has come and out of which only 104 becomes bill.
• 23 rd Constitutional amendment Bill is related to OBC Commission.
• 122^nd Constitutional amendment Bill 2014 is related to GST.
• 101 Constitutional amendment Act 2017 is related to GST.
• 102 Constitutional amendment Act 2017 is related to New OBC Commission.
• 103 Constitutional amendment Act 2019 is related to 10 percent reservation to Economically Backword Class.
• 104 Constitutional amendment Act is related to renew of SC/ST Reservation.

Parliament of India

• Parliament :-
• It is related to Article 79
• Parliament has 3 parts-
• Lok Sabha
• Rajya Sabha
• President
• Parliament has 2 houses-
• Lok Sabha
• Rajya Sabha
• The member of Parliament is called MP.
•  In LokSabha MP’S are sent by election.
• In Rajya sabha MP’S are sent by MLA’S
• Lok Sabha –
• It is temporary house of parliament.
• It is lower house.
• Favourite House
• First of all it’s name was house of people but on 14May 1954 it was changed to Lok Sabha.
• By now only 17 Lok Sabha has formed.
• First Lok Sabha- 17april 1952-4april1957
• Today 17^th LokSabha.(2019-2024)
• 1^st Speaker of Lok Sabha- G.V.Mavelenkar,Shri Anant Sena
• 16^th Speaker- Sumitra Mahajan.
• 17^th Speaker­-Om Birla
• Information related to members of Lok Sabha –

       Maximum – 552

        Present -545

Nominated -2

Elected- 543

Term- 5 years

• At present,nominated members are
• Prof. Richard Hey (Kerala)

                        (Economist)

• George Baker (W.B.)

                   (Actor)

• In Lok Sabha President can elect/nominate 2 members which must be Anglo-Indian.
• Rajya Sabha :-
• It is higher/upper /permanent house because it can’t be closed.
• First build -3 April 1952
• It was also called council of State.
• On 23 Aug.1954 it was changed from council of State to Rajya Sabha.
• Meeting -13 May 1952
• Information related to members of Rajya Sabha-

        Maximum -250

        Present –    245

        Nominated -12

         Elected-233

• RS does not have its term but the term of members are 6years.
• After every 2 years 1/3members are retired.
• President nominate 12 such people which have special knowledge or practical experience in fields of science, Literature, Art and Social service.
• In this no seat is reserved for SC & ST.

• Few Acts Made By Indian Govt.:-
• Hindu Marriage Act (1955)
• Act against untouchability (1955)
• Indian citizenship act (1955)
• Civilian /Citizen right protection act (1955)
• Act against Dowery(1962)
• Panchayati Raj act (1959)
• Medical Termination of Womb act (1971)
• Contempt of court (1971)
• Wildlife protection act (1972)
• Project Tiger(1973)
• Water pollution prevention & control act (1974)
• Prevention of bonded labour arrangement act
• President Succession act (1979)
• Salary &Allowances of leaders of opposition in parliamentary act.
• Forest protection act (1980)
• Air pollution prevention & control act (1981)
• Child labour prohibition &regulation act (1986)
• Environment protection act (1986)
• New forest policy (1988)
• Public responsibility act (1991)
• Act against domestic violence on women (2005)
• RTI-12Oct.2005

      (It is fundamental &legal act first started in Sweden.)

• Act against cruelty to women (1995)
• Right to education act (2009)
• RTE :- (Right to education Act)

                     Bill -2001

                    Act -2009

               Article – 21(a)

• 86^th Constitution amendment (2002) is related to RTE.
• RTE is fundamental & legal right.
• RTE :- (Right to reject act)-27 SEP.2013
• In India NOTA is known as reject act.
• First started in CALIFORNIA in 1976.
• Trade on footpath is fundamental right is court. Article 19 (1)(g)
• In Constitution it is compulsory to respect individual rights.

Fundamental Rights

• Natural
• Constitutional
• Legal
• Right to equality
• Right to freedom
• Right against exploitation
• Right to religion
• Right to education & culture
• Right to constitutional remixes
• Political Rights :-
• Right to vote
• Right to participate in elections
• Right to make political party
• Right to reject
• Right to recall
• Legal Rights :-
• Right to get work
• Right to property before (A-19(t)& A-31)

     Present A-301

• Right to information A-19(1)(A)
• Right to education A-21(A)
• In India only Indian citizens have fundamental & political rights whereas non-Indian have only legal rights
• Protection of F.R. in India-HC& SC
• DPSP- Directive principles of State policy.
• Article-40  Organisation of gram panchayat
• Article-43 Small scale promotion of cottage industry &rural industry
• Article-47 Duty of every state to provide better health, lifestyle &diet ban on alcohol
• Article-48 Animal husbandry & agriculture organisation
• Article-48(a) Protection of environment forest&wildlife
• Economic Rights :-
• Women participation in implementing laws &scheme.
• Contribution of women in employment & self employment
• Acc. To work women are distributed in two parts.
• Working Woman (Have commercial importance)
• Housewives (Their work have no commercial importance.
• Social Rights :-
• Right to social respect
• To take profit from govt. scheme & programme.
• Few Famous Agreement:-
• Panchsheel agreement -1954

India-China Agreement

   Under this there are 5 agreement

• We won’t attack on each other country
• We won’t interfere on interim matters
• We will respect sovereignty of each other.
• We will support each other with cooperation.
• China first attacked in oct.1962 and violate these agreement.
• Taskand agreement:-
• 10/11 Jan 1966
• Name of capital of Uzebakistan in 1991, seperated from Soveit Union.
• India -Pakistan
• PM – Lal Bahadur Shastri & Aayub Khan
• Only PM who died outside India on 11 June 1966
• Shimla agreement:-
• 2 July 1972
• India -Pakistan
• PM- Indira Gandhi & Julfikar Ali Bhutto
• Shimla (Himachal Pradesh)
• It was signed to stop India-Pakistan fight in 1971
• Indo – Nepal treaty of peace & friendship
• 1950
• B/W Nepal &India
• According to this Nepal’s citizen in India as that of Indian citizen